Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government that has lost legitimacy and physical control over its territory.
Human agency is often the most direct cause, as rulers subvert democratic norms and work for personal or kin-based gain. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
Fulfill some expectations but perform poorly in others; they often suffer from corruption and deteriorating infrastructure. Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government
State failure is rarely triggered by a single event but rather a combination of systemic issues: When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
Deep ethnic, religious, or tribal divisions that are exploited by political elites to fuel violent conflict.