Rubia -

: It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin), terpenes, and cyclopeptides . 2. Rubia tinctorum (Common Madder)

Historically famous for the dye, this species is native to Europe and the Middle East. : It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin),

This is a perennial climbing vine widely used in and Ayurveda . : It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin),

: Research has highlighted its antioxidant , anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. : It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin),

: The dried roots contain the pigment alizarin , which was the primary source for red textiles before synthetic dyes were developed.