: These methods were highly effective; by the Vietnam War, the firing rate among soldiers skyrocketed to approximately 95% .
: Evidence from the Battle of Gettysburg showed that 90% of recovered muskets were still loaded—many with multiple rounds—suggesting soldiers chose to go through the motions of loading rather than actually firing to kill. On killing : the psychological cost of learning...
Grossman’s analysis begins with a striking historical observation: in World War II, only about of combat soldiers actually fired their weapons at the enemy. : These methods were highly effective; by the
While conditioning makes soldiers more efficient in the moment, it does not protect them from the aftermath. Grossman identifies several "killing response" stages, including . : These methods were highly effective