According to the classification system highlighted in recent literature from MDPI , the 13 living families are: : Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae .
: Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, Sciadopityaceae, Cupressaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Taxaceae, and Pinaceae. Gnetophytes : Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae , and Welwitschia. Key Scientific Resources gymnosperm family
Recent research classifies extant gymnosperms into within three classes and eight orders. Key scientific papers, such as "The Systematics and Evolution of Gymnosperms with an Emphasis on a Few Problematic Taxa" (2024), provide a modern framework based on phylogenomic studies. Modern Gymnosperm Families According to the classification system highlighted in recent
: Research from Wiley Online Library explores divergence times for each gymnosperm family, noting their unique evolutionary histories. and Pinaceae. Gnetophytes : Ephedraceae