Fabrication Of Complex Optical Elements From Liquids (2025)

Because the shape is formed by molecular forces rather than mechanical cutting, the resulting surfaces have a smoothness (roughness) of less than 1 nanometer, comparable to or better than the most expensive traditionally polished optics.

Instead of using physical molds or tools, researchers leverage the natural physics of liquids, specifically: Fabrication of complex optical elements from liquids

A key feature of this fabrication method—often referred to as —is its ability to create high-quality optical components without mechanical processing (like grinding or polishing). Because the shape is formed by molecular forces

The shape of the lens can be altered in real-time by adjusting the volume of the liquid or the geometry of the containment frame, allowing for the creation of complex, non-spherical (aspheric) lenses in a fraction of the time required by traditional manufacturing. By submerging a polymer "liquid lens" into a

By submerging a polymer "liquid lens" into a second, density-matched liquid, the effects of gravity are neutralized. This allows surface tension to naturally shape the liquid into a perfectly smooth, mathematically precise curve.