: The Commonwealth of England ended in 1660 with the English Restoration , bringing back the monarchy under Charles II.
The late 17th century (1651–1700) was a transformative era marked by the end of the English Civil War, the rise of the Enlightenment, and groundbreaking scientific discoveries like Robert Hooke’s identification of cells. [1651-1700]
: The Dutch "Golden Age" continued to influence art, with masters like Frans Post capturing landscapes and maritime scenes that defined the century's aesthetic. : The Commonwealth of England ended in 1660
: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor began in 1661, ushering in a period of great stability and expansion. the rise of the Enlightenment
: The Royal Society was founded in 1660, fostering an environment where natural philosophy thrived.