The second half of the 16th century ( ) was a transformative era that bridged the high Renaissance and the burgeoning scientific and global shifts of the early modern period. This half-century was defined by the peak of the Scientific Revolution's early pioneers, the intense religious and social upheaval of the late Reformation, and the rapid expansion of global trade networks.
—provided the raw data Kepler eventually used to formulate his three laws of planetary motion . [1551-1600]
The era was a mix of rigid social structures and the slow emergence of new voices. : Following the accession of Elizabeth I in The second half of the 16th century (
), which led to Kepler writing a foundational defense of scientific ownership. : Figures like Duncan Liddel ( [1551-1600]
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